C++ is one of the oldest and most widely used programming languages. From operating systems and graphical user interfaces to modern-day AR and VR applications and games, you can find C++ everywhere. Being an object-oriented programming language that provides a clear structure to code, makes them readable, and reduces development costs, C++ stands out as one of the top programming languages .
Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Laboratories as an extension to the C language, C++ first appeared in 1979. We refer to C++ as C with classes because C++ is centered around objects and classes rather than functions and logic. As C++ belongs to the C family, it has nearly the same syntax as C.
Developers have complete control over memory and system resources because of C++'s versatility. Additionally, it enables them to polish their source code to execute in any environment despite having less hardware space. So, we can state that it is an ideal language to create fast applications, efficiently manage system resources, and perform critical tasks.
These are the reasons for C++ still being in use, even though many modern-day languages are available. Besides, it is employed in building various applications in today’s modern world.
C++ Tutorial
This C++ Tutorial is designed for beginners without experience with any other programming language. Here we have described all the basic concepts of C++ from beginner level to advance, with appropriate examples.
Why Learn C++?
The codebase of many modern-day systems, such as operating systems, IoT devices, web browsers, software applications, and many others, have C++ code, at least in some parts. In addition, the speed of C++ makes it ideal for developing performance-critical applications. Such involvement of C++ in contemporary applications makes it a popular choice among developers.
More interestingly, C++ stands at the fourth position in the list of top programming languages, according to the TIOBE Index of April 2023 .
The immense popularity of C++ is one reason many students opt to learn the language. Some other major reasons include the following:
- C++ is Everywhere: You will find the language everywhere in this tech world, from software applications, operating systems, and web browsers to games and banking and financial applications.
- Ideal for Large Projects: The object-oriented feature makes it an ideal language for developing large and intricate applications. The primary reason is object-oriented principle enables developers to create readable and modular source code.
- High Salaries: As C++ is involved almost everywhere, the demand for C++ developers is always high. Employers hire them with attractive pay scales.
- Numerous Career Opportunities: When you learn and champion C++, you can find a lot of employment options, as companies are always in demand for skilled C++ developers.
Features of C++
1. Statically Typed Programming
C++ is a statically typed programming language which means that when we declare a variable in C++, we also define its data type along with it. So the type checking in C++ occurred at compile time instead of run time.
2. Object-Oriented Programming:
C++ was introduced as the extension of C programming language with Object-Oriented Programming. If we remove the concept of OOPs from C++, it becomes C. C programming was not able to solve real-world problems because most of the problems required OOPs concepts, that is why Bjarne Stroustrup introduced C++ in which he introduced OOPs concepts such as:
- Class
- Object
- Encapsulation
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
3. Standard Libraries(STL)
A library is a collection of pre-written code that we can use to increase our program's functionality. Mostly all the C++ libraries contain predefined functions that we can use, so we do not have to write all the code from scratch. C++ also contains many standard libraries, many of which are directly imported from the C programming language.
All those libraries imported in C++ are not a part of any class, and as we know that C++ is an Object-Oriented programming language, it also contains some extra libraries defined in a class.
Some of the C++ library categories:
- I/O
- Strings
- Math
- Time and date
- Dynamic Allocation
- Wide Character Function
- STL Algorithms
- STL Iterators
- STL Allocators
- Exception Handling Class
4. C++ ANSI Standard
ANSI stands for American National Standard Institute. This organization sets standards for C++ use. It also makes sure that C++ becomes a cross-platform programming language, which means the code written in one system can be run on another without making any changes.
What is C++ Used For? Top 20 Real-World Applications
Let us now move on to some of the top real-world applications of C++.
1. Operating Systems
An operating system is simply a computer program that offers various services to other programs running on the same system. It also manages the hardware and software resources of the system.
You might be very well aware of Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems. The codebase of Apple OS X consists mostly of C++. Meanwhile, Windows 95, 98, and XP have the essence of C++. Besides, C++ forms the basis for many Microsoft applications, such as Microsoft Office, Visual Studio IDE, and Internet Explorer.
This language's speed and strongly typed features make it a perfect choice for developing operating systems. Apart from this, C++’s low-level capability helps professionals develop fast and efficient operating systems to manage resources.
2. Game Development
Many popular games, including StarCraft, Counter-Strike, and World of Warcraft, are developed in C++. Not only games but also popular game engines, like Unreal engine, and gaming consoles, like Xbox, Nintendo Switch, and PlayStation. C++ is the language behind the development of all.
As gaming entails various resource-intensive functions, such as creating multiplayer sessions and producing graphics, C++ is an ideal language for developing games as it assists programmers in optimizing resource usage. The language can manipulate the system resources as it is close to the hardware.
3. GUI-Based Applications
A GUI application is a software program developed leveraging graphical features, such as menus, dialog boxes, windows, buttons, and many other components, so end-users can easily interact with the application.
Various applications of Adobe Systems, including Photoshop and Illustrator, have leveraged C++ for their development. Microsoft used C++ to build a popular GUI application, WinAmp Media Player, which has satisfied all our audio and video requirements since its inception.
4. Databases
They serve as a backbone for software and web applications. As every software or web application generates a lot of user data, a database is a must to store and manage that data. A database is a collection of structured data which is well-organized and stored electronically in computer systems.
C++ is an excellent language for creating database management systems. MySQL and PostgreSQL are among the popular databases developed using C++. Both are relational databases and let users store and manage structured data.
5. Web Browsers
The most common application of C++ in web browsers is for rendering purposes. Using C++, it is possible to develop robust back-end services that can fetch data from databases and render code into web pages.
The rendering engines need to be faster because people do not like visiting web pages that require a lot of loading time. As C++ provides fast performance, many modern browsers, including Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Opera, have to render engineering developed in C++.
6. IoT Devices
Internet of Things (IoT) devices refer to physical devices, such as sensors, computer devices, appliances, and gadgets, that connect and exchange data over a network. Some popular examples of IoT devices are cars, refrigerators, smartwatches, TVs, and other appliances.
These devices have hardware embedded inside them. As a result, they operate with strict power requirements and limited computing resources. As C++ code can run in less hardware space and manage resources efficiently, companies widely use it to develop IoT devices.
7. Compilers
A compiler is a software program that converts the source code written in a high-level programming language into a lower-level language (machine code) to be executable on the machine. Since machines only understand low-level languages, converting the source code developed in a high-level language into machine code is essential.
As C++ is a language close to machines or hardware, C++ is used in creating compilers.
8. Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a computer system that combines a processor, memory, and input/output peripheral devices and has a specific function to carry out.
As C++ is a mid-level language, it lies somewhere between the hardware and software of systems. It lets you access and control the system hardware directly without losing the capabilities of high-level languages. So, C++ is a perfect language for creating embedded systems, such as smartwatches, digital cameras, MP3 players, and many others.
9. Libraries
The term library in computer science is a collection of pre-written programs, files, subroutines, classes, and other non-volatile resources developed to accomplish a specific purpose. Whenever you need to accomplish a certain task, you can import the corresponding library into your source code without writing the code for that task from scratch.
As libraries must be fast and high-performance, C++ is the primary language for developing various libraries. An example of a popular library whose backend is developed in C++ is TensorFlow, a machine learning library.
10. AR/VR applications
AR is an acronym for Augmented Reality, while VR is the short form for Virtual Reality . The two technologies act as a bridge between the virtual and real worlds. C++ is used to develop various AR and VR applications. These applications must manage and process large volumes of data generated through camera sensors and user interactions. C++ assists in processing the data while providing the best visual experiences.
More interestingly, most AR and VR applications operate on the Unreal engine, developed leveraging C++.
11. Cloud or Distributed Systems
A cloud system or a cloud computing technology refers to delivering computing services, including servers, storage, databases, networking, analytics, and software, over the internet as per the end user’s demands. Conversely, a distributed system is a collection of several components spread across different machines that work well together to appear as a single system to end users.
As both systems work close to the hardware, C++ is an ideal language for developing and implementing those systems. Also, these systems develop concurrent applications to balance the load for which they require the multithreading feature that C++ offers.
Bloomberg is a distributed relational database management system developed in C, but C++ powers its libraries and the development environment.
12. Financial and Banking Applications
C++ powers many banking and finance software applications. C++ is the best choice for designing these applications since they need concurrency, multithreading, and high performance. In addition, C++’s speed and reliable performance make it a perfect language for creating banking and finance applications that involve processing countless transactions.
13. Scientific Research
C++ has also paved its path in scientific research. At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), scientists analyze data on subatomic particles leveraging C++ that can answer many questions related to this universe's origin. Additionally, NASA has been utilizing C++ to create autonomous driving systems that aid Mars Rovers in navigating new and unknown territories.
14. Google Search Engine
The most popular search engine, Google, also leverages C++ to quickly provide search results to end-users with the minimum response time. This search engine utilizes machine learning algorithms powered by C++ to provide the relevant and best possible search results. In addition, another reason Google leverages C++ is to implement its crawling and indexing infrastructure.
15. Advanced Computation and Graphics
We are aware that graphics programs require fast image processing or rendering. C++ powers various applications that require advanced computation and graphics, such as image processing, computer vision, and high-end graphical processing applications.
Maya 3D, a C++-developed software program, is one of the best applications for virtual reality, 3D graphics and environments, and animation.
16. Enterprise Software
An enterprise application software (EAS) is developed to meet the needs of a particular organization or company rather than individuals. C++ is also used to create enterprise applications that need to be high-performance and fast.
17. Telecommunications
Telecommunications is yet another industry where C++ has widespread use. It is utilized for creating and setting up telecommunication infrastructure. With C++’s capability to manage resources to handle millions of simultaneous communication efficiently, it is a popular language in the telecommunication industry.
18. Flight Software
C++ has not even left the aerospace industry. It is used to develop software that powers military and commercial aircraft, including the F-16 and F-35 fighter jets. Also, this industry leverages C++ to create safety-critical software applications by following strict coding guidelines to ensure that all crucial components of the plane work as expected.
19. Movie Production
Movie production requires high-quality graphics and special effects. This is possible to create using C++. Because it can handle huge files with high-quality videos and conduct many of the complex calculations that enable special effects, C++ is ideal for this job.
20. Medical Technology
C++ has a great influence on the healthcare industry. From lab testing equipment to software applications for managing patients’ data, everything is powered by C++. In bioinformatics research, C++ is crucial in modeling data and running data simulations. This is because it designs numerous algorithms for medical and biological sciences.
Hello World Program in C++
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
cout<<"Hello World";
getch();
}
Output:
Hello world
You can use any compiler to execute this code. In the upcoming articles, you will learn about a compiler and how we can execute code using a compiler or IDE. This article provides an overview of C++, and the program here just represents how we can code in the language.